AN INTRODUCTION TO THE WINES OF
TUSCANY
Tuscany
is a historical-administrative district in central
Italy, shaped as a big triangle.
Westwards it leans on the sea (Ligure and
Tirrenian Sea), North-westwards it confines with Liguria along the coast,
while the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines divide it Northwards from Emilia-Romagna
district and Eastwards from Marches district and Umbria district; Southwards
it confines with Latium.
The surface of Tuscany occupies approx. 22.993 skm
and it is therefore one of the largest districts in Italy. It is divided into
ten provinces
:
Tuscanys population amounts to approx. three millions and a half
inhabitants, with an average lower than the national one.
Landscape
MOUNTAINS
Mountains and hills
prevailingly form Tuscany. Northwards and Eastwards the Tuscan-Emilian
Apennines mark a distinct border with continental Italy and with the district
of Marches, whereas the confine with Umbria and Latium districts takes a
softer look since those districts are not divided by distinct morphological
elements but they have been separated only by historical and political
motives.
From the main axis of the Apennine Chain, reaching in Tuscany
heights grating two thousand mt (Corno alle Scale mt.1945, Mount Falterona mt.
1654, Pratomagno mt.1591) numerous spurs branch off in an almost parallel
direction, crossing the mountain with large valleys: the Magra rivers valley,
taking the name of Lunigiana from the ancient city of Luni; the Serchio
rivers valley, called Garfagnana, opening between the Apennine ridge-line and
Apuan Alps, a very peculiar chain in aspect and origin; the Sieve rivers
valley ,known as Mugello ; the Casentino valley, crossed by the very first
stream of Arno river.
There are many mountain passes allowing the crossing
of the Apennines for an easy connection with Emilia-Romagna and Marches
districts. The higher pass is the one named Abetone (mt. 1388). To be
mentioned then, amongst the main passes, the Cisa pass, allowing the
connection between La Spezia and Massa Carraras provinces with the city of
Parma; the Porretta pass (mt. 932), connecting the cities of Pistoia and
Bologna; the Futa pass (mt.903), linking Florence with Bologna; the Mandrioli
pass, connecting Casentino valley with Romagna.
The mountain slopes of
Tuscany are covered with luxuriant woods and verdant pastures. There are also
barren slants, where clay soil suffered erosions and landslides, forming the
typical, spectacularly shaped calanchi (erosion furrows).
Woods cover
almost a third of Tuscanys surface. To be mentioned as an example the woods
of Casentino valley and the woods of Abetone Mountain and of the Apuan
Alps.
These woods are prevailingly formed by oaks and chestnut-trees and,
upon the highest peaks, by beech-trees and fir-trees.
HILLSThe central and southern part of the district is
mainly hilly and the poggi (hills) determine the prevailing character of
Tuscan Landscape.
The majority of the hilly area is comprehended around the
so-called Pre-Apennine or Anti-Apennine area, where, excluding a few isolated
groups reaching remarkable heights (Mount Amiata mt. 1738; Metalliferous Hills
mt. 1060; Chiantis Mountains with St.Michaels peak reaching 893 mt) the rest
is made by hills, placed in an irregular way and giving to the land a
pleasantly wavy look, set on a belt stretched from proper Apennines to the
plains of the coast.
PLAINS AND
COASTLINEPlains are scarce and not large; the biggest ones run along
the coastline (Versilia and Maremma), the Arno Rivers course (Upper and Lower
Valdarno valley), of the Tiber river (Valtiberina valley) and of Chiana
channel (Val di Chiana valley).
The coastal plains never reach big
dimensions because they are interrupted by rocky headlands.
Versilia plain,
presenting a low and sandy beach well renown from the tourist point of view,
stretches itself along almost 50 km, from Magra Rivers mouth up to Arno
rivers mouth, but it is not very large because it is closed on the back by
the Apuan Alps (Mount Pisanino mt.1936 on sea level). The Maremma plain, once
a marshy land, now completely reclaimed, develops from Piombino headland and
goes on southwards up to Latium district. The main headlands are Piombino,
opposite to the Island of Elba, and Mount Argentario, placed in front of the
Island of Giglio: the first one is firmly linked to Tuscan mainland by a large
plain, whereas the second one presents between Mount Argentario and Tuscan
mainland a large lagoon enclosed between two sandy beaches of relatively
recent origin.
In the past the headlands were the emerged summits of a vast
mountainous region, now submerged by the waters of Tirrenian Sea, to which the
abundant dregs of the rivers gradually leant, connecting them again to the
coast.
In the prehistoric era these headlands too were islands of the
Tuscan Archipelago, still set off the coast and including in a very large area
the islands of Elba, Capraia, Montecristo, Giglio, Pianosa, Giannutri and
Gorgona. As the headlands, these islands too have a mountainous character (The
Mount Capanne in the island of Elba reach 1019 mt).
The coastal vegetation
mainly consists of Mediterranean bush, formed by trees such as Holm oaks,
maritime and italic pines and bushy plants.
The internal plains, on the
contrary, are formed by river basins made along the millennia by the main
rivers of the district. Some of them were lakes in the prehistoric era and,
more recently, marshy bogs; now they have been transformed in fertile and very
active areas.
Such is the nature of the Valley of Arno River, divided into
Upper and Lower Valley. Very important is Valdichiana valley too, opening from
the plain of Arezzo to Trasimeno Lake on the boundary line with Umbria
district.
RIVERS
The mountainous nature
of Tuscany enriches it with many water streams, never reaching big dimensions
in length or capacity because of the fragmentation of the land. Arno River,
the main Tuscan river, is partly an exception because the majority of the
remaining rivers convoy their waters into it. Arno river (241 km and 8247 smt
basin) descends from Mount Falterona (1654 mt) crossing the valley of
Casentino southeastwards, almost in parallel with the other big river of
Central Italy, Tiber, which is Tuscan only at its origin for a short length.
Arno river turns its back to the city of Arezzo when it comes near it and it
changes direction with a large turn around Pratomagno mountains, bending on
itself while going North-westwards; it then runs down the Upper Valdarno
Valley and turns westwards toward the sea, maintaining this direction until
its mouth, near the city of Pisa.
Another river of importance is the
Ombrone (161 km of length), coming from Chiantis Mountains and debouching
near the city of Grosseto after receiving the waters of some affluent, between
them to be mentioned the Arbia, the Merse and the Orcia. Other rivers to be
mentioned are: Magra river (62 km), descending from Lunigiana valley and
debouching into the plain where one upon a time arose the ancient city of
Luni, near the city of Sarzana in Liguria district; the Serchio river (89 km),
crossing the Garfagnana valley, then turning toward the sea where it debauches
North of Arnos mouth, without joining it; other rivers, such as Sieve and
Bisenzio, join Arnos mouth coming from the Apennines, whereas Ema, Pesa, Elsa
and Era are all affluents coming from south ; the Cecina , having its source
in the Metalliferous Hills ; and finally the Albegna and the Flora rivers
,originating from Mount Amiata and debouching into the Tirrenian Sea near
Argentario headland.
LAKES Tuscany has
got very few relevant lakes. The Trasimeno Lake laps Tuscan territory only for
a little while. The Orbetello lagoon, near the city of Grosseto, is
interesting from the tourist point of view and so is the Lake of
Massaciuccoli, mostly known for the fame granted to it by the musician Giacomo
Puccini.
Climate
Tuscanys climate is generally
mild, in particular along the coastline, but it tends to assume a continental
character as long as you go into the inland, because of the Apennine peaks.
The coasts enjoy fresh summers and mild winters, whereas the inland valleys
are characterised by very hot summers and cold winters. The mountains present
more marked differences of temperature. The precipitations, presenting their
maxima during autumn season and their minima during summer, increase from the
coastal belt (600 mm) toward the Apennines (2000 mm).
Economy
Tuscany owes the prosperity that places it at the top between the districts
of Central Italy to agriculture, industry and tourism.
AGRICULTURE
Tuscan agriculture is
quite flourishing even if fragmentary because of the nature of the land. Until
a few decades ago it was founded on métayage, an institution of feudal
derivation, but it is actually based upon private, mostly family-run
property.
The growing is mixed (cereals, grape-vines, olives). The
vineyards produce valued wines world widely known, such as Chianti.
Significant, in quantity and quality, is the production of olive oil.
There
are many breeding activities (cattle, sheep and swine), but they do not reach
relevant dimensions.
INDUSTRY
Tuscan industry mainly represents an expansion, in modern times, of the
traditional handicraft activities of the district. There are also modern
industrial activities: metal mechanics, chemistry, ironworks, and oil
industry. Between the industrial activities derived from handicraft and
carried out mostly by small and medium-sized companies, to be mentioned the
textile (with centre in the city of Prato), the leather, clothes, shoe
factories, the furnishing, paper, wood, ceramics, glass, jewellery and
wrought-iron manufacturing companies.
The mining industry is also
interesting, even though some mines exploited for ages are now nearly
abandoned for their scarce profitability or because they are now exhausted
(iron in the island of Elba and mercury in Mount Amiata). To be mentioned the
iron mines near Grosseto, the copper mines in the Metalliferous Hills, but
most of all the alabaster mining activities near Volterra and the marble mines
of Apuan Alps, made known world wide by the genius of Michelangelo who used
their marble for his masterpieces.
To be mentioned finally the boric acid
fumaroles of Larderello, near Pisa, exploited for the production of electric
energy.
TOURISM
Tuscany is visited by millions of
tourists every year, mostly foreigners.
A first category of tourists is
attracted by the beautiful scenery offered by the district and comes here for
relax and entertainment. Tuscanys coastline offers wonderful beaches, very
much frequented: the most famous one is undoubtedly Versilia with the city of
Viareggio, but the entire Tuscan coastline presents charming beaches. Besides
the coast, there are the islands of Tuscan Archipelago, firstly the island of
Elba.
Very much appreciated (more and more so, specially by foreigners) is
the inland hilly area, where new forms of accommodation such as farm holiday
are more and more developing.
The mountains are very much sought-for too,
with their huge stretches of verdant woods. During winter seasons, Mount
Abetone offers well-equipped ski stations for high mountain
tourism.
Tuscany is very rich in hot springs, some of them renowned world
wide (Chianciano, Montecatini).
Another category of tourists comes to
Tuscany for its artistic heritage. Here the description would be easy but
endless: there is no region in the world offering as much artistic heritage as
Tuscany.
Florence, Pisa, Siena: these names alone recall masterpieces of
architecture, painting, sculpture, but there is also an endless series of
other towns and hamlets each of them offering treasures that could excite the
envy of an entire nation.
Through this website we wish to present you some
of these towns and hamlets, maybe between the less famous, hoping to make you
feel like visiting them.
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CAMAIORE,
NEAR LUCCA - SAWDUST CARPETS
Perhaps
losing something in translation the 'tappeti di segatura colorata' are
an absolutely wonderful sight. The long central street of Lido di Camaiore
is bedecked with dozens of incredibly detailed designs fabricated entirely
from 'sprinkled' coloured sawdust. Work starts the evening before and
continues all night long, with the procession of Corpus Domini passing
over (and destroying) them the next day.
The Sunday of Corpus Domini and the Saturday night beforehand.
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